Friday, 30 September 2011

Music Video Analysis - Pixie Lott

Pixie Lott - 'Gravity'


This video is solely a performance piece. The song is quiet upbeat and it has a good tempo, which makes editing on the beat easy, but essencial throughout. Bjornberg's multiple centripetal process theory can not apply to this video in such a strong context, as the isnt the freedom to swap between performance and narrative for each of the sections.

The first shot we see starts on the first beat of the music. It is an extreme close up of Pixie's face which made up for a natural look, with stronger definition around her eyes. The natural look could suggest innocence, but also confidence as she doesnt feel she has to go plastic to look pretty; and the emphasised eyes draw teh audience's attention in. The background for this shot, and following section is clinical white. This ensures that the emphasis is solely on Pixie. On the second beat of the music she starts to move her arms up, and her head back (still in a close up shot of her face) and on the third beat we cut out to see the full action. These 2 shots are alligned perfectly to keep the continuity of the dance move. Due to this cut out shot we also see 2 backing dances. They are dressed in black scoop cut neck line top, and a black tutu, with black suspeneder. Pixie is dressed in the same, however her top is a lower, V neck line- this follows Goodwins theory of voyagerism, and the attention is drawn to her clevage. The black out fits stereotypically would suggest trouble and mischief, however in this instance i believe that they are worn to connote their confidence in standing out from the crowd. The combination of black and white could suggest the song's motives, that things are either right or wrong (black or white).

The first 7 seconds of music dont contain any solid vocals, and the visuals switch between Pixie lying on the floor singing, and her and the other 2 dancing. When the master shot of the 3 dancing is on Bjornbergs theory of motion matching the visuals motions is heavily applied. The cut in and aways are edited on the beat, however the dance moves are also performed on the beat, very structuredly and joltly. The shot of an artist lying on the floor singing is often used in pop and R&B videos now a days however they generally feature the artist in little clothing, moving in a provocative manner. Pixie however is fully dressed in a black blazer, and just tilts her head to the camera to sing. The fact that she is descently clothed and on the floor portrays her power as she doesnt have to follow the trend and also the colour palette focuses our attention on her anyway. It also shows a theme of elegance and sophistication. The floor that she is lying on is slightly reflective, this makes the close up shots of her face softer, and also it is another simplistic touch portraying elegance. The reflection could also connote 2 sides to her.

A common 'concept' among ammature and tacky music videos is taking every lyric literally and putting it into the narrative, for intance if the lyrics 'so i followed him round' are heard, the visuals on the video show the girl following a lad. This is often seen as contrasending by the audience as it is suggested that they dont know what someone being followed looks like. This music video takes elements of this and puts it into her performance, but eleganlty and subliminly. The dance routine has twist turns, ups and downs naturally however at a few point in the song they resemble the lyrics for instance at 22 seconds into the video the lyrics are 'let me down' and the dance routine takes them down, the key difference that makes this not tacky is that it is done suggestitively not obviously and literally. The dancers dont sit on the floor and sulk beacuse someone let them down.

At 0.43 seconds there is a slowed down shot of pixie jumping up. This shot is a close up from behind, varying the contence of the shot from just her front. This slow motion shot also allows us to see her hair, and its length, colour and style. This focus on her hair portrays her feminity and playfulness.

During the chorus there are many more slowed downed shots, for instance at 1.10 we see her feet landing from a jump. She is wear flat black pumps which indicates her desire to fit in yet also her confidence to be different. In most music videos which containing a female singer, they are often heavily made up, wearing little clothing and extremely high heels. The fact that Pixie is not wearing 8" heels suggest an inocence about her.

At 1.16 there is a change of scene, and outfit. This change comes at the end of a line, confirming Bjornberg's theory about movement-lyric connection, however it comes half way through a verse or phrase. This makes the change less visable to the audience, hence creating a smooth transistion. In this scene the background has a big red dot on. The colour could suggest her feeling of love coming back for the man from singing the song, however perhaps they portray anger and pride, that she has done so well without him. A circle is used over any cornered shapes like a square or triangle and it detracts less attention from the artist, as the are no specific corners or points for the eye to focus on.

It is common in music videos, where there is a change of scene for there to be a change of out too. This extends the continuity so our brains arnt left puzzled hhow and why she got somewhere else. Pixie generally has blonde hair, depicting innocence and steroetypical prettiness, however in this scene change she changes it to short dark hair in a bob. This dark short hair along with the red in the background suggests evil and possibly mischieviousness. Another factor that adds to this theory is the change in makep, she went from neutral plain makeup to heavier glittery makeup. This could suggest her trying to shield her identity.

During any of the shots in which this scene occurs, we never see what she is wearing as it is not covering her shoulders. This creates and element of promisquity, and also hints at Goodwin's theory of voyagerism.

The next scene that we are shown (very briefly) has a plain black background, and features a girl in a red liatard hanging and dancing from red ribbons. This continuing theme of red could be an underlying message of her perhaps wanting to break free. From the first few shots of when this scene appears we can not tell who the girl is.

As Bjornberg's theory suggest, the motions of videos follow the phrasing and tension of the music. As the music climaxes toward the chorus we are shown the elements that were previously with held. For instance we see the oufit from the previous scene, and also we see the face of the ribbon dancer clearly. The outfit that she is wearing in the scene with the red dot in the background is black and
feathery. In symbolism it would be seen to depict a raven. Which is notoriously an evil animal which sides with evil. In the shot where we can see her fully in this outfit she looks stronger than ever and powerful. Possibly suggesting that she has turned to the dark side. In contrast to this, the shots featuring the red ribbon dancer portray her as elegant and peacefull. These to scenes juxtaposed connotes that she, herself is unsure of which way to go, as the lyrics at that point are "pulling in the wrong direction".




Thursday, 29 September 2011

Music Video Analysis - Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift - 'Mean'


This music video has both a performance and a narrative running throughout it. The begining of the video is set on a stage, but it is set as a country themed outdoors area. Taylor and her band/group have country-style instruments and costume all adding to the mise en scene of the performance. It start on a close up of her face singing, then jumps out to a longshot, enabling us to see the set, her band and her outfit. As it cuts back in to a close up of her face the lighting chages, perviously it was dark greys and sepia, but it fades into pink tinted clouds and slightly brighter setting.

The next 'section' is when the next verse comes (which complies with Alf Bjornberg's theory of centripetal process). This 'section' is narrative as we see a boy being picked on in a locker room- whilst Taylor sings "picking on the weaker man". This shot only lasts for a few seconds which portrays how the lad being picked on doesnt want to be there and just wants to move on.

The following 'section' cuts back to the country performance. Goodwin states that the visuals in a music video are influenced by more than just the lyrics of the songs. This shot depicts this theory well. The music gets louder and gains a quicker tempo, the visuals mirror this, Taylor starts to move more whilst singing, and her band are swaying around to the beat.

The next section is the chorus, and stays with the performance. However because the chorus is bolder and more upbeat the lighting brightens and we get close up shots of the band/group members playing their instruments happily. The lighting is used in such a way to illuminate their faces suggesting confidence. Goodwin explains how its not only the editing that needs to be on the beat. This video is a good depiction on how the visual movements (of the band members swaying and dancing) are also specifically put on the beat. During this chorus sections, there is an almost sub-section cutting back to the boy in the locker room, however the mood in the song has changed to positive, and thus the locker room brightens and the boy joins in singing the song. Then immediately cutting back to Taylor's performance where she continues the chorus. We see a number of extreme close ups and close ups of the instrument that she playing. The continuity of this is solid as each chord and note fits the beat of the song. This is good example of how Bjornbreg describe a song and its visuals to be in close corralation. At the end of this section(1.05) there is a musical bar in which a note glisandos up and down again. This is portrayed in the visual by the artist and the band swaying heavily forwards and back. In most cases the music and instruments are there to flaunt the lyrics, but for these few seconds its the visual that flaunts the mini instrumental.

The following section changes scene again, and is performance based. The transition between the last section and this one was a circle- out transition, where the screen is black except for a small circle of visual that gets bigger, eventually showing the whole frame. This transition was used as opposed to a cut because it signifies the scene change, keeping the realism and continuity of the piece. This scene depicts her sitting on a train line with a steam train stationary behind her. There is also another character in it, he is dressed in a top hat and black suit, and Taylor is dressed in a 1920's themed outfit (but modernised). The lighting is again very dark and eerie, however she is wearing a white dress so the small amount of lighting used makes her the key focus of the frame. A narrative line tends to act directly to the lyrics as they are sung: as Taylor sings "you, with your switching side" the man behind her switches side of the train track. The pace in this scene is quite fast, but not upbeat, this is shown in the visual by a continuously moving camera. It zooms in, cuts in or out of the master shot or pans across. This movment could depict her adjitction and fusrtation. When watching this section you dont obviously notice the zooms or pans because they keep the continuity throughout.

After this it returns to another verse and consequently another narrative section. The transiton between them is a cut as it is a short sharp beat that it cuts on. It cuts to a young ginger girl in a sandwich board, who is getting bullied by the surrounding teens. The next camera movement is sort of contraversial as she sings "i walk with my head down tryna block you out" however the camera pans to the right to give us a full shot of the teens throwing things and laughing. However this works well as we are able to see what it is she is trying to block out.
We fluctuate between Taylor on the train track and this girl a few times, perhaps trying to protray their simularities.

Through a simple cut shot this leads back to the chorus section which is set the same as the previous chorus (again proving Bjornberg's multiple centripetal process). Like in the previous chorus we then cut to a shot of the young girl, but this time she is happy and hopeful singing along to the song. When Taylor sings the words "ever gonna be [is mean]" she rocks her head from left to right. This is exactly on the beat, thus strengthening Bjornberg's realisation of how strongly linked the 2 (rhythm and visual) must be.

We then cut to a shot of a little girl with her lunch tray who wants to sit with some other girls, but because her ribbon is blue and theirs is pink, they laugh at her and dont want her to sit down. During this section it cuts back to the country performance, again perhaps to show simularities.

The next section is arrived at by a the cirlce out transition. This type of transition is only used between 2 scenes perhaps trying to let us forsee what part will come next. This section is performance based with her on the train track again. In this section also are the previous man, and his friend; when we cut to a close up of her singing, the man is drinking in the background, however there is only a shallow depth of field, thus portraying her as the more important one. It then cuts to the little girl with her lunch tray on a toilet seat, however (as in previous sections) she is more hopeful singing along to the song. We cut back to the master shot of the country performance after this, however tha song has picked up more, with a stronger beat, withTaylor looking more confident. It is most likely for this reason that the background behind her changed through a scroll down transition. We can vaguely make out the words on the new background to say 'broadway' however after a circle out transiton it become clear, and there has been a costume change. Her hair also changed styles. This change in mise en scene makes her look older, suggesting a time jump in the narrative. We have numerous cut in and out shots of the theatre stage, which allow us to focus on both her and the set and band.

The last section of shots switch between seeing the characters that we saw being bullied earlier in a sucessfull in life, her braking free from the train track, and the performance in the broadway setting. These quick changes depict the positive mood change but also allow us to see the similarities in her positive outcome in life, suggesting that her, herself was mistreated by other when she was younger. The last shot shows the little girl in the theatre watching Taylors performance, with a huge smile, suggesting that she has changed her mood and possibly her outlook on life dramatically.

This music video contained both narrative and performance however the 2 were not isolated sections. They referenced each other and in some cases (for instance the penultimate shot) they became one.






Tuesday, 27 September 2011

Song and Artist Choice

Even though the artist we like, Jessica Drake, is unsigned it is still curtious and professional to gain her permission to use her song. We emailed her asking for permission and she was happy fo us to use the song 'You you you'. Below is the email link between our group and Jessica Drake. (The commencing email is at the bottom, then it follows upwards.)



Monday, 26 September 2011

Selecting an Artist and Song

From our target audience research we know that we want a solo artist, and that many of our target market would prefer a female singer. The criteria for the song was : 'upbeat', 'strong pulse', 'strong' and 'confident'. We also decided to choose an uncopyrighted song.

To find an artist who meet our criteria we started of thinking and asking around the people we know. Many of our friends or family members are singers however some were in bands, some were slow paced singers thus making them not appropriate for our project.

We then spread our net further afield looking on social networking sights for instance Facebook, and Myspace. We each found a few on these websites however when we discussed them as a group we decided that they either didn't fit our research criteria, or they weren't right for this project.




After the social networking sites we started going onto websites for unsigned artists. An unsigned artist website that we have used in the past is Jamendo. The main issue we had with this website is that the songs were not upbeat enough, or didn't have the right feel to them. Unsigned is another website that we browsed during our search. We found this to be a much better website with a wider oray of up-to-date music. We used the search criteria to narrow down our search and finally we found our artist. Jessica Drake. Following this we googled her name to find her personal website of which we chose the song off.




We have created a Prezi presentation in order to explain how we got to our  choice of artist and song. If you double click the screen shot below it will take you directly to our presentation.

Sunday, 25 September 2011

Audience Feedback

Now we have chosen our song, we thought it would be a good idea to get audience feedback from our target audience. We chose a selection of two girls and a boy as we felt this best represented our target audience. This is the feedback we got;


Naomi


Initial song feedback
"reminds me of Avril Lavgine"
"Very catchy"
"i like the ending bit where her voice is more exposed"
"really good song"


Questions
Q: What kind of colour scheme can you imagine it being set in?
A: Bold colours, possibly red as it symbolises love etc


Q: Where can you imagine it being set?
A: Possibly parts in a bed, similar to the Talor Swift 'teardrops on my guitar' 


Q: What weather do you think would best fit in the video?
A: Mainly sunny because its quiet up beat, bt possibly rainy in the reminissing parts


Q: What type of clothes could you imagine the artist wearing?
A: Maybe a flowery, floaty dress? not anything indescent


Q: Is there anyone inparticular you can imagine actinng as the artist?
A: Me (charlie)


Q: Could you imagine instruments being played in the video? 
A: No, just her singing as it shows her strength


Q: Do you think we need to use bright lights or more dimmed?
A: I think dim lighting would be better because it reflects the song more.


Q:  We had an idea for the video: the artist would be walking forwards (filmed from a distance) continuously however the backdrops would be changing from and to famous cities for instance Paris, London, Singapore. Do you think this would fit with this song?
A: Yes, i think that would work really well because the beat is strong enough and also it kind of helps with the strength of the song- exaggerating her isolation. 


Q: Another idea we had is having the artist in a white dress, and getting sprayed/ splattered in bright coloured paints. Do you think would work?
A: Possibly, however only for the chorus part as it's the most upbeat and relating 




Louis


Initial song feedback
"Upbeat drum beat"
"vocals attacking"
"wants to sound like a typical american singer"
"Bass line follows guitar"
"chorus is catchy"
"generic"
"long and winey notes"


Questions





Q: What kind of colour scheme can you imagine it being set in?
A: Natural sunny pastel scene

Q: Where can you imagine it being set?
A: field with flowers, under a tree etc

Q: What weather do you think would best fit in the video?
A: Sunny

Q: What type of clothes could you imagine the artist wearing?
A: Nice dress, with a necker chief

Q: Is there anyone inparticular you can imagine actinng as the artist?
A: Me (charlie)

Q: Could you imagine instruments being played in the video? 
A: Yes, possibly a guy playing an acoustic guitar beside her

Q: Do you think we need to use bright lights or more dimmed?
A: Just natural lighting

Q:  We had an idea for the video: the artist would be walking forwards (filmed from a distance) continuously however the backdrops would be changing from and to famous cities for instance Paris, London, Singapore. Do you think this would fit with this song?
A: Yeh, i think it would fit really well because it fits with the beats

Q: Another idea we had is having the artist in a white dress, and getting sprayed/ splattered in bright coloured paints. Do you think would work?
A: No because it's not generic enough

Mollie

Initial song feedback
"like the song"
"catchy"
"good beat"


Q: What kind of colour scheme can you imagine it being set in?
A: I would imagine it to have bold bright colours

Q: Where can you imagine it being set?
A: A field or bedroom, park, perhaps multiple settings would be good.

Q: What weather do you think would best fit in the video?
A: Sunny

Q: What type of clothes could you imagine the artist wearing?
A: Rock Chic

Q: Is there anyone inparticular you can imagine actinng as the artist?
A: Carris

Q: Could you imagine instruments being played in the video? 
A: Yes I would like to see both instruments and the person

Q: Do you think we need to use bright lights or more dimmed?
A: Bright lights

Q:  We had an idea for the video: the artist would be walking forwards (filmed from a distance) continuously however the backdrops would be changing from and to famous cities for instance Paris, London, Singapore. Do you think this would fit with this song?
A: Yeah it goes really well with the idea

Q: Another idea we had is having the artist in a white dress, and getting sprayed/ splattered in bright coloured paints. Do you think would work?
A: It is a very good idea that would go well with the popyness of the song.



Tuesday, 20 September 2011

Target Audience Questionnaire

Before we decide on any music for our project we decided to do some audience research. We needed to know are tatget market's preferences on singers, genres, moods and sounds. We handed this brief questionnaire out to 27 people fromthe age catagory: 12-20 year olds. Out of this 13 were male and 14 were female as we saw this as a fair representation of our audience.




From our research we can decifer that solo artists are more popular among our audience. One person we asked reasoned this because of the "more pure and simplistic sounds". Another reason they gave for this is because "the personality of the soloist comes out more". Acknowledging our results, we will choose a solo artist for our music.

We subsequently asked what genre of music they like the most. As we anticipated the majority of the people we asked replied with the kind of music which is in the charts. This mainly catagorises down to Pop and R&B, for instance; Katy Perry and Rhianna. Quite a lot chose 'Alternative' which can be a sub genre of most genres. For instance Mika generally catagorises into Pop, but he sub-catagorises into alternative pop as he brakes quite a few pop music conventions.

Our target audience, on the whole, like to listen to more upbeat and happy music. This fits well with their genre choice of Pop, as Pop is primarily upbeat.

The last question we asked is whether prefer their music to contain more vocals or more instrumental solos. The people who chose just instrumental were generally the people who had answered 'Band' previously, which suggests to us that for a solo artist, having vocals is more important than instrumentals.

Thursday, 15 September 2011

Plan

To ensure that we keep on track of what we need to do we have formulated a list inwhich we need to complete. We have listed the tasks in order, and we will do connecting bits inbetween each point; the list is just a rough guideline to make sure that we dont miss a whole section out. We have also written what medium we might use in brackets next to it to ensure that we present our ideas in a creative, yet evenly spread way.

Research

- Initial ideas of what kind of artist(s) and song to use. (mind map)

- Audience Research (questionnaire, graphs, analysis, spoken interviews)

- Choose an artist and a song, and show why we came to the descision (Prezi)

- More exsisting video research, more specific (written) 

- Analyse song feed back (short clip on the mac of our discussion)

- Requesting email permission to use the song (print out of the email chain) 

Planning

- Casting (asking target audience, positives and negaives, audition)

- Decide if we want a narrative or a performance

- Decide on a setting/ settings

- Find the locations and check feasability of them (positives and negatives with pictures)

- Discuss ideas (group mic)

- Story board ideas (hand drawn storyboard)

- Audience feedback on storyboard, change if necessary (filmed interview)

- Photo storyboard and analyse (imovie with pauses)


- Anamatic storyboard (video clip)

- Outfit, makeup and hair ideas and experiments (pictures and videos)

- Camera Experiments and Shots (paused iMovie)

- Health and Safety (Prezi and videos/ group discussions)

Tuesday, 13 September 2011

Music Video Theorists- Andrew Goodwin

Andrew Goodwin was born in Middlesex, England. He studied as an undergraduate at the university of Liverpool and as a post graduate he studied at the university of Wales, Bangor; obtaining a degree in music from both.

Goodwin was one of the first people to analyse music videos to the same extent as the other medias. In 1992 he wrote a book entitles 'Dancing in the distraction factory'. This book thoroughly analyses music videos, and also it explains and explores Goodwins theories. His aim of this book was to look into the realtionship between sound and image.

Goodwin strongly believes that music itself creates an image, he says "the suggestion that music itself lacks a visual component is a sympton of not listening carefully enough". He describes how a variety of techniques have been developed to represent and visulise sounds, for instance speed is portrayed by fast editing, transitions and computer effects. These techniques are also used in videos with an enerjetic theme. A good example of these techniques in use is in 'The Prodigy- Invaders must die' . The first few shots have a fast paced transition fading to black which creates anticipation and pace.

Another aspect that Goodwin explained and recognised is the used of lighting, or lighting with in the editing to stress the beat or rythm within a track. He gives his example of this in the video 'The Power' by Snap; He describes this as "a flashbulb accenting stresses in rythm". He also notices musical phasing, for instance when the music is reaching the climax, the tempo of editing may increase, the volume will increase but also the post filming effects with strenghten. For example if a shot starts in black and white, it may gain contrast making the borders between black and white more prominent and exxagerated.

According to Goodwin, there are 3 crucial aspects of a song (especially in Pop songs):
- The voice
- The rhythm
- and the backing that supports them both

He describes these 3 elements as being crucial elements in the video aswell. The voice should always be complimented and featured. There must be a pulse or rhythm throughout to be able to move the music, and keep the momentum. And finally the background clips should either compliment the song, or contrast in such a strong way to make it purposeful and accented. Goodwin gives the example of Jamiroquai's 'Half the man' to show how most music videos concentrate on vocals. He describes the shots as "unedited close-ups of J.K's face". This video is very simple thus making the main attraction the vocals. Some other music videos however have clashes between the rhythm and the vocals. This is often portrayed through the narrative and performance. 


Goodwin also states that the promotion clip is just as important for representing the harmonic development. The harmonic and dynamic differences between the chorus and the verses are equally represented in the promotion clip. Goodwin describes this to be a "shift in emphasis". The music gains tension towards the climax, this is then released the second that a strong rhythm is acquired for instance when a guitar chord is struck or when a bass and drum rhythm beat happens. 


Deducing the conclusion of a song and video can be done by looking at 3 aspects: 
- Visually: one common action is when the lead walks away from the band, or set, another common convention depicting the end of a video is the previous images reversing. One of the most basic suggestions is the drawing of the night.


- Lyrically: the are 2 chief ways in which the vocals can suggest the end. The repetition of words over and over, often these words are inclusive of the title; an example of this is in The Beautiful South's 'a little time' when the words 'I've had a little time' are repeated. Another technique is a decrease in volume or in the tempo. 


- Musically: Often an instrumental signifies the closure to a song, however the main clue is a pitch of note, which has a special relation to the previous. This is called a cadence. 




Goodwin describes the use repeated words as making the song more memorable and thus more profitable, as the words resonate in the mind. 







Sunday, 11 September 2011

Music Video Theorists- Alf Bjornberg

Bjornberg's theories mainly focus on how the music and the visuals relate to each other. Unlike Goodwin,Bjornberg doesnt use specific examples, he prefers to generalise his theories to make them more accurate to a larger selection of videos. 

The dimension of time  
This describes how the structure and flow of the music directly relates to the visual content. For example if the music has numerous verses, the visual content may repeat over it. Most music video's visuals are strongly ditermined by the length of the track. Most limit  themselves to this time restraint however there are always exceptions. The video for 'Thriller' by Michael Jackson extends its visuals past the length of the track. The main reason that it extends beyond the music is because it uses a complex narrative.

Sections
Most music videos, especially those of the pop/rock genre separate their song into sections. Usually they consist of 8 to 9 distinct sections, this includes any solos, instrumentals, and codas/repeats. There are a number of ways that these sections are depicted. Often a change of scene would suggest it, also changes in costume, or different band members.

Multiple Centripetal Process
Bjornberg describes this multiple centripetal process as being in most videos. Musically it suggests the cadential effect of the chorus section. Centripetal is a continuos circling force. In the case of music videos it is used to depict how the verses all orbit around the chorus.

Editing on the beat
Nearly all music videos are strongly aware of the beat or strong pulse running throughout the piece. Camera movements, edits, transitions, motions, and cuttings are synchronised and fitted precisely with in the beats or rhythmic gestures.

Frith was another music video theorist who Bjornberg studied greatly whilst he was studdying. Frith said "montage is the video-maker's basic tool simply because it is the visual equivalent of music built up out of studio sound layers"

Character
The rhymic character of music plays a significant role in the shaping of the visual content. The visuals can aid the tonality, tension and release of the music. For example when the music increases its tension, the lighting may darken to simulate this, or the edits and cuts may happen faster to increase tension visually.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              



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